NRCS Official Soil Series Descriptions http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/osd/index.html ---------------------------------------------------------- CASSOLARY LOCATION - WA Established Series Rev. LJH-RJE 01/2000 CASSOLARY SERIES The Cassolary series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in reworked glacial drift and marine sediments. The soils are on terraces and terrace escarpments. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 23 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Vitrandic Haploxerepts TYPICAL PEDON: Cassolary sandy loam - forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are apparent field textures.) Oi--0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed needles, leaves, bark, and wood fragments. Oe--2 to 3 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decayed needles, leaves bark, and wood fragments; strongly acid (pH 5.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (1/2 to 1 1/2 inches thick) E--3 to 6 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, medium and coarse roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick) Bw1--6 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; few medium faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, medium and coarse roots; common fine and medium interstitial pores; 10 percent very hard, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) iron concretions; moderately acid (pH 5.6); gradual wavy boundary. (6 to 18 inches thick) Bw2--18 to 26 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few medium and coarse distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine, medium and coarse roots; common fine and medium interstitial pores; 8 percent very hard dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) iron concretions; moderately acid (pH 5.8); abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick) 2C1--26 to 30 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and moderately plastic; few fine and medium roots; common fine tubular and few fine interstitial pores; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick) 2C2--30 to 41 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; massive; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine and medium tubular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); clear smooth boundary. (10 to 16 inches thick) 2C3--41 to 52 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sandy loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; few medium and coarse faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick) 2C4--52 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sand, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; few coarse faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few pebbles; neutral (pH 6.6). TYPE LOCATION: Jefferson County, Washington; 350 feet east of west quarter corner, northwest 1/4, southwest 1/4, southwest 1/4 of section 33, T. 30 N., R. 1 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum ranges from 15 to 30 inches in thickness. The particle-size control section averages 10 to 18 percent clay, 0 to 5 percent pebbles and 15 to 50 percent particles coarser than very fine sand. The mean annual soil temperature is estimated to range from 47 to 53 degrees F. The soil is usually moist but is dry in the moisture control section for 60 to 75 days following summer solstice. An A or Ap horizon, in some pedons, has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 moist, 5 through 7 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4. This horizon has granular or subangular blocky structure. It is moderately acid or slightly acid. The E horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist, 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is single grained or has weak granular structure. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5YR, value of 4 through 6 moist, 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 2 through 4. This horizon commonly has mottles with chroma greater than 2. This horizon is stratified very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam. It is moderately or slightly acid. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, and 5Y, value of 3 through 6 moist, 4 through 7 dry, and chroma of 2 through 4. This horizon commonly has mottles with chroma greater than 2. It is stratified and is predominantly silt loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam with layers of fine sandy loam or loamy sand above 40 inches. Below 40 inches, the C horizon ranges from silty clay loam to gravelly sand. It is moderately acid to neutral. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Arrastre, Barron, Bestrom, Clayton, Frailey, Green Bluff, Hudnut, Kartar, Koerling, Koseth, Scala, and Stoner series. Arrastre and Bestrom soils have a lithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Barron soils have a massive B horizon and a large amount of coarse granitic sand in the control section. Clayton soils lack a lithologic discontinuity and have bands of accumulation of clay in the lower part of the control section. Frailey soils lack a lithologic discontinuity in the control section and are loam or gravelly loam throughout the control section. Green Bluff soils are 35 to 60 percent pyroclastic material in the control section. Koerling soils are neutral or mildly alkaline in the B horizon and have a calcareous 2C horizon at 24 to 40 inches. Hudnut and Kartas soils average 15 to 35 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section and are dry for 75 to 90 consecutive days. Koseth soils have 15 to 35 percent rock fragments in the control section and are neutral or mildly alkaline throughout. Scala soils are 40 to 60 inches deep to a lithologic discontinuity and have bands of accumulation of clay in the lower part of the control section. Stoner soils are dry for 90 days, have a solum 30 to 47 inches thick, 15 to 35 percent gravel and lack a discontinuity within 40 inches. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cassolary soils are on uplands at elevations of 50 to 500 feet. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. These soils formed in reworked glacial drift and marine sediments. The soils are in a mild marine climate characterized by cool, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Average annual precipitation is 16 to 30 inches. Average January temperature is about 39 degrees F., average July temperature is about 60 degrees F., and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. Frost-free season is 160 to 200 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Agnew, Alderwood, Bellingham, Clallam, Dick, Everett, Hoypus, Indianola, Kitsap, and Puget soils. Agnew soils are fine-loamy and have an argillic horizon. Alderwood soils have ortstein at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Bellingham soils have a fine control section and an aquic moisture regime. Clallam soils have a paralithic contact at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Dick and Indianola soils have a sandy control section. Everett and Hoypus soils are sandy-skeletal. Kitsap and Puget soils are fine-silty. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained; slow to medium runoff; permeability is moderate above the 2C horizon and moderately slow within the 2C horizon. A perched water table is as high as 3 to 4 feet at times from January to March. USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for cropland, pasture, timber and homesites. Principal crops are alfalfa, raspberries, strawberries, green peas and hay. Native vegetation is predominantly Douglas-fir with some western redcedar and western hemlock. Understory species include salal, red huckleberry, longtube twinflower, western brackenfern, and oceanspray. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Washington. This series is moderately extensive. MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon SERIES ESTABLISHED: Jefferson County, Washington, 1969. REMARKS: Classification only changed 1/2000 because of recent amendments to Soil Taxonomy. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are an albic horizon from 3 to 6 inches and a cambic horizon from 6 to 26 inches. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. ---------------------------------------------------------- CLALLAM LOCATION - WA Established Series Rev. LJH/RJE/MPR/SBC 02/2004 CLALLAM SERIES The Clallam series consists of moderately deep to densic materials, moderately well drained soils formed in glacial till over very compact glacial till. These soils are on glaciated hills and have slopes of 0 to 30 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 23 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Oxyaquic Vitrandic Haploxerepts TYPICAL PEDON: Clallam gravelly ashy sandy loam - forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are apparent field textures.) Oi--0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed needles, leaves, and twigs. Oe--1 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed needles, leaves, and twigs. A--2 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly ashy sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine and very fine granular structure parting to weak very fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many fine and very fine roots; many fine and very fine irregular and tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (1 to 4 inches thick) Bw1--3 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly ashy sandy loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redox concentrations, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; weak fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and very fine and common medium roots; many fine and very fine irregular and tubular pores; 20 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear smooth boundary. (3 to 14 inches thick) Bw2--12 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly ashy sandy loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2); common medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redox concentrations, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; weak fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and very fine, and few medium roots; many very fine irregular and common very fine tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (7 to 18 inches thick) Cd1--30 to 39 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dense glacial till that crushed to very gravelly sandy loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redox concentrations, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; massive; very hard, very firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine irregular and common very fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (7 to 19 inches thick) Cd2--39 to 62 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dense glacial till that crushes to very gravelly loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; massive; very hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine irregular pores; 30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 6.0). TYPE LOCATION: Clallam County, Washington; 4,000 feet south and 600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 30 N., R. 5 W. Willamette Meridian. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to densic contact - 20 to 40 inches Moisture control section - dry 60 to 90 days following the summer solstice Average annual soil temperature - 49 to 51 degrees F. Reaction - strongly acid to slightly acid A horizon - Value - 3 or 4 moist, 4 to 6 dry Chroma - 2 to 3 moist and dry Texture - ashy-SL, ashy-L Clay content - 3 to 18 percent Rock fragments - 15 to 35 percent gravel, 0 to 20 percent cobbles, 15 to 35 percent total Some pedons have an E horizon Bw horizons - Hue - 7.5YR to 2.5 Y Value - 3 to 5 moist, 4 to 7 dry Chroma - 3 or 4 moist, 2 to 4 dry Texture - ashy-SL, ashy-L Clay content - 3 to 18 percent Rock fragments - 15 to 50 percent gravel, 5 to 20 percent cobbles, 35 to 60 percent total Some pedons have a C horizon Cd horizons - Hue - 7.5YR to 2.5Y Value - 5 or 6 moist, 4 to 7 dry Chroma - 2 or 3 moist and dry Texture - SL, L, FSL Clay content - 5 to 25 percent Rock fragments - 15 to 50 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, 15 to 60 percent total COMPETING SERIES: These are the Dehart, Macreeing, Mcguire, Olete, Stutler, and Tukey series. Dehart, Mcguire, and Stutler soils are more than 40 inches deep. Macreeing and Olete soils have a lithic contact at 20 to 60 inches. Tukey soils average 20 to 30 percent clay in the particle size control section. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Clallam soils are on glaciated hills at elevations of 25 to 1,800 feet. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. Clallam soils formed in glacial till over very compact dense glacial till. The soils are in a mild marine climate and have cool, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Average annual precipitation is 16 to 30 inches. Average January temperature is about 37 degrees F, average July temperature is about 59 degrees F, and the mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F. Frost-free season is 160 to 220 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Agnew, Bellingham, Catla, Elwha, Hoypus, McKenna, Yeary, and Louella soils. Agnew soils have an argillic horizon and are somewhat poorly drained. Bellingham soils have an aquic moisture regime and a fine particle-size class. Catla soils are loamy and have a densic contact at 10 to 20 inches. Elwha soils are coarse-loamy. Hoypus soils are sandy-skeletal. Louella soils are coarse-loamy and have a mollic epipedon. McKenna soils have an aquic moisture regime. Yeary soils are fine-loamy. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained; moderately rapid permeability above the very compact glacial till (A and Bw horizons) and very slow permeability in the very compact glacial till (Cd horizons). USE AND VEGETATION: Timber production and wildlife are the principal uses. Some areas are used for cropland and pasture. Native vegetation is predominantly Douglas-fir with some western hemlock, grand fir, western redcedar, red alder, and Pacific madrone. Understory species include salal, evergreen huckleberry, red huckleberry, Oregongrape, creambush oceanspray, longtube twinflower, rose, blackberry, western swordfern, and western brackenfern. Principal crops are alfalfa and grass hay, barley, oats, strawberries, raspberries, and pasture. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound Valleys, Washington; MLRA 2. This series is moderately extensive. MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon SERIES ESTABLISHED: Western part of Puget Sound Basin, Washington, Reconnaissance Soil Survey, 1910 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features Ochric epipedon - from 2 to 3 inches Cambic horizon - from 3 to 30 inches Densic material - from 30 to 62 inches Particle size control section - 10 to 30 inches (Bw horizons) Additional data needed for base saturation and volcanic ash influence to distinguish Clallam series and Whidbey series. ADDITIONAL DATA: National Soil Survey Laboratory, Sample numbers--S77WA 9-2-2, S77WA 9-2-3, S77WA 9-2-4, S77WA 9-2-5. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. ---------------------------------------------------------- HOYPUS LOCATION - WA Established Series Rev. CAB/FRM/LJH/RJE/SBC 02/2005 HOYPUS SERIES The Hoypus series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in glacial outwash. These soils are on outwash plains and hillslopes and have slopes of 3 to 50 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 24 inches and the average annual temperature is about 49 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Typic Xerorthents TYPICAL PEDON: Hoypus gravelly sandy loam, forested, located at 190 feet elevation. When described on June 16, 2004 the soil was dry throughout. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are apparent field textures.) Oi--0 to 1 inches; slightly decomposed needles and twigs; abrupt smooth boundary. A--1 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine to medium and common coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular and interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick) Bw1--5 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; single grained; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, medium and common coarse roots; many very fine to medium interstitial and irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.3); clear wavy boundary. (10 to 20 inches thick) Bw2--20 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; single grained; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; many very fine to medium irregular and interstitial pores; 55 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.5); clear wavy boundary. (10 to 18 inches thick) C--36 to 60 inches; variegated colors 50 percent light, 30 percent dark, 20 percent medium, extremely gravelly sand; single grained; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; many very fine irregular and interstitial pores; 60 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.9). TYPE LOCATION: Island County, Washington; 1,857 feet north and 1,578 feet east of southwest corner of sec. 36, T. 32 N., R. 1 E. Willamette Meridian; USGS Coupeville NE quarter quad; latitude 48 degrees 12 minutes 54 seconds N. and longitude 122 degrees 37 minutes 50 second W., NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 52 degrees F. Moisture control section - dry 75 to 90 days following the summer solstice Particle size control section: Rock fragments - 35 to 60 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, 0 to 5 percent cobbles and 35 to 75 percent total Clay content - 0 to 5 percent Solum thickness - 20 to 30 inches A horizon Value - 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry Chroma - 1 to 3 moist and dry Reaction - moderately acid or strongly acid Bw1 horizon Hue - 7.5YR or 10YR Value - 3 or 4 moist and dry Chroma - 3 or 4 moist and dry Reaction - moderately acid or strongly acid Texture - LS or SL Clay - 3 to 5 percent Rock fragments - 10 to 35 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent stones Bw2 horizon Hue - 7.5YR or 10YR Value - 3 or 4 moist and dry Chroma - 3 or 4 moist and dry Reaction - moderately acid or strongly acid Texture - LS or S Clay - 1 to 5 percent Rock fragments - 35 to 65 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent stones C horizons Reaction - slightly acid or moderately acid Texture - LS or S Clay - 0 to 5 percent Rock Fragments - 35 to 65 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent stones. COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series in this family. Similar soils with mixed mineralogy include the Atter, Carlsborg, Marblespring, Spens, and Valcreek series. Atter soils are dry for over 90 days in the summer and have a mean annual soil temperature of 52 to 59 degrees F. Carlsborg soils have 60 to 85 percent rock fragments including 15 to 30 percent cobbles in the control section. Marblespring soils have albic materials (E horizons) and lamellae. Spens soils lack a B horizon and have a solum less than 10 inches thick. Valcreek soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to a paralithic contact. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hoypus soils are on hillslopes and glacial outwash plains at elevations of 0 to 1,000 feet. Slopes are 3 to 50 percent. These soils formed in glacial outwash. The climate is characterized by cool, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Average annual precipitation is 18 to 30 inches. Average January temperature is 38 degrees F., average July temperature is 60 degrees F., and the average annual temperature is 49 degrees F. The frost-free season is 200 to 240 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Agnew, Cassolary, Catla, Whidbey, Dick, LaConner, Roche and the competing Carlsborg soils. Agnew and Cassolary soils are very deep and found on terraces and terrace escarpments. Catla soils are shallow to a densic contact and found on hills and till plains. Whidbey soils are moderately deep to a densic contact and are found on hills. Dick soils are very deep and found on outwash plains. LaConner soils are moderately deep to a densic contact and are found on till plains and terraces. Roche soils are moderately deep to a densic contact and are found on hills and outwash plains. Carlsborg soils are very deep and found on river terraces and old alluvial fans. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; moderately rapid permeability in the A Horizon and very rapid permeability in the Bw and C horizons. USE AND VEGETATION: Timber production and homesites are the principal uses. Small areas are used for pasture. Potential natural vegetation consists of Douglas-fir and Pacific madrone. Understory species include Oregon grape, oceanspray, bald hip rose, brackenfern, honeysuckle, blackcap, and strawberry. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Washington. Series is moderately extensive. MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon SERIES ESTABLISHED: Island County, Washington, 1950. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features: Ochric epipedon - 0 to 5 inches Particle size control section - 10 to 40 inches The Bw horizons are too coarse textured to meet cambic horizon criteria. Sub horizons of the Bw horizon with sandy loam textures are less than 6 inches thick. Additional date: NASIS user pedon ID 04WA029002; reference NSSL pedon #04N0758 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. ---------------------------------------------------------- WHIDBEY LOCATION - WA Established Series Rev. FRM/RJE/TDT 02/2004 WHIDBEY SERIES The Whidbey series consists of moderately deep to densic material, moderately well drained soils formed in glacial till on hills at elevations near sea level to 600 feet. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. Average annual precipitation is about 24 inches. The mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, mesic Aquic Dystroxerepts TYPICAL PEDON: Whidbey gravelly sandy loam, forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) Oi--0 to 3 inches; slightly decomposed needles, leaves, bark and wood fragments. Oe--3 to 4 inches; moderately partially decomposed needles, leaves, bark and wood fragments; moderately acid (pH 5.8); abrupt wavy boundary. (1/2 to 1 1/2 inches thick) E--4 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) gravelly sandy loam; gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable; many fine, medium and coarse roots; 25 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.8); clear wavy boundary. (1/2 to 5 inches thick) Bw--7 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable; many fine medium and coarse roots to 11 inches and common fine medium and coarse roots to 21 inches; common hard dark concretions; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 6.0); clear wavy boundary. (15 to 20 inches thick) BC--25 to 30 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very gravelly sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redox concentrations; massive; hard, firm; few fine roots; 45 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick) Cd--30 to 64 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 8/2) dry; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redox concentrations; massive; very compact, extremely hard, extremely firm; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent cobblestones; slightly acid (pH 6.2). (3 to many feet thick) TYPE LOCATION: Jefferson County, Washington; 100 feet north of logging road, 1,850 feet north and 530 feet east of the south quarter corner of section 27, T.30N., R.1W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The mean annual soil temperature is 47 to about 55 degrees F. These soils are usually moist but are dry in all parts between depths of 8 and 24 inches for 45 to 60 consecutive days. The particle-size control section is 5 to 10 percent clay by weight and coarse fragments range from 35 to 50 percent by volume. Depth to the densic contact is 20 to 40 inches. The E horizon has value of 3 through 5 moist, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has weak granular structure or is single grained. Reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, dominantly 10YR, value of 4 or 5 moist, and chroma of 3 or 4. It has weak blocky structure or is single grained. It contains few to common hard dark concretions. Reaction is moderately acid or slightly acid. The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5 moist, chroma of 2, and have mottles of 3 or higher chroma. It is massive or has weak blocky structure. Reaction is moderately acid or slightly acid. The Cd horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6 moist, and chroma of 1 or 2. COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Whidbey soils are on glaciated hills at elevations from near sea level to about 600 feet. The soils formed in ablation glacial till over strongly compacted basal till. These soils occur in a mild marine climate with cool, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The average annual precipitation ranges from 18 to 30 inches, most of which falls as rain in the late fall, winter and early spring. The mean January temperature is 39 degrees F.; the mean July temperature is 59 degrees F; and the mean annual temperature is 50 degrees F. The growing season is about 220 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Agnew, Clallam, Dick, and Keystone soils. Agnew, Dick, and Keystone soils have less than 35 percent coarse fragments in all parts of the particle-size control section. In addition, Agnew soils have an argillic horizon. Clallam soils are similar; review is needed for base saturation and Vitrandic subgroup criteria. Dick and Keystone soils are sandy. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained; runoff is slow to medium; permeability is moderate in the solum, and very slow in the Cd horizon. A perched water table is as high as 1.5 to 3 feet at times from January to March. USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly woodland, and some hay and pasture. Native vegetation is Douglas-fir, western redcedar, red alder, and grand fir, and pine with an understory of salal, western brackenfern, evergreen huckleberry, Pacific rhododendron, and western swordfern. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Washington. Series is of moderate extent. MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Portland, Oregon SERIES ESTABLISHED: Island County, Washington, 1950. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are an albic horizon from 4 to 7 inches, a cambic horizon from 7 to 25 inches, and a densic contact at 30 inches. Depths to diagnostic horizons and features are measured from the top of the first mineral horizon. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. ----------------------------------------------------------