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Construction!
MSKA Reference Area
Reference Material Shotokan Basics Kata Diagrams and Videos
KYU Rank Testing
Requirements Glossary Of Terms
Reference
Material
MSKA follows the teachings
of Gichin Funakoshi. As such, his
book, Karate-Do Kyohan: The Master Text serves as our primary
reference. If differences between
Karate-do Kyohan and other references are found, the material in Karate-do
Kyohan will be used.
Karate-do Kyohan: The
Master Text, ISBN: 0870111906
Find
great prices for purchasing this book here
Other References used at MSKA include:
Dynamic Karate by Masatoshi Nakayama,
ISBN: 0-87011-788-2
Best Karate Series by Masatoshi
Nakayama
Shotokan’s
Secret, by Bruce D. Clayton, ISBN: 0-89750-144-6
Shotokan Basics
Stance
Basic
Techniques
Stance
The first, and most important, concept to master in
Shotokan, and almost any other martial art, is stance. Stance is paramount. The stance forms a solid base from which
to act. There are several stances
used in Shotokan. The stances
listed below do not constitute all the stances used in Shotokan. They do, however, represent the basic
stances taught to Kyu level karate-ka.
Below are some of the common stances used in Shotokan. In the descriptions, the terms
“narrow” and “wide” refer to side-to-side foot
positions and the terms “shallow” and “deep” refer to
front-to-back foot positions.
* The images shown
below are from Masatoshi Nakayama’s Dynamic Karate and
Nakayama’s Best Karate series and are the property of Kodansha
International.
Forward (Front)
Stance - Zenkutsu-dachi
Forward stance is a strong stance which can be used
either offensively (attacking) or defensively (blocking). It places the karate-ka’s center
of gravity forward. The stance is
both wide and deep. The feet are
placed hip width apart side to side and more than shoulder width front to
back. Done properly, the rear leg
should be nearly straight and the leading leg should be bent so that the knee
aligns above the ball of the foot.
BackStance - Kokutsu-dachi
Backstance is a strong stance and is typically employed
defensively as basis for blocking.
It places the karate-ka’s center of gravity rearward. It does, however, offer a strong base
from which to use the leading foot in a frontal strike. It is less suitable for attacks to/from
the sides due to the narrow stance.
Although the stance is deep, the heels align on the centerline, making
it narrow.
Horse
(straddle) Stance – Kiba-dachi
Kiba-dachi is a strong side-to-side stance and is
employed both offensively and defensively to/from the sides. It is less suitable for attacks to/from
the front or back, but can be employed as part of throwing an attacker from the
rear. Although the stance is very wide,
it is shallow. The heels align on
the centerline. The knees are
slightly bent and the back is straight.
It places the karate-ka’s center of gravity evenly between the
feet. The stance resembles a person
astride a horse.
Rooted Stance
– Fudo-dachi
Fudo-dachi, also known as Sochin-dachi, is a strong
stance, both front-to-back and side-to-side. It is essentially a combination of Front
Stance and Horse Stance. Body
weight is distributed evenly across the feet. This is a strong stance suitable for
most defensive and offensive moves and it allows easy transition to/from Horse
Stance, Front Stance and Back Stance.
The following diagram illustrates how by simply changing
the direction of the feet, aim of the body and center of gravity, the karate-ka
can transition between Back Stance, Rooted Stance, Front Stance, and Horse
Stance. The medium gray feet
represent Horse Stance. The black
feet represent either Rooted Stance or Front Stance, depending upon the center
of gravity. The light gray foot in
conjunction with the medium gray foot, represents Back Stance.
As stated above, stance is paramount. Following on that principle is the need to
move in stance and transition between stances. In Shotokan, one does not walk linearly
as one walks down the street; rather the feet follow a “C”
pattern. When moving forward, bring
the rear foot forward and into the center, passing the other foot and then
sweep the foot out away from the center.
When moving backward, the same pattern applies in reverse.
Basic
Techniques
This section will discuss some of the basic techniques
used in Shotokan. Many have written
entire book on this subject. This
section will introduce a few of the basic techniques. For simplicity, the basic techniques in
Shotokan can be placed in three categories; blocks, strikes and kicks. In actual practice, blocks can be
strikes and strikes can be blocks.
Blocks
Although there are a myriad of blocks in Karate,
beginners start with five basic blocks; Rising Block (Age-uke), Down Block
(Gedan-barai), Inside Block (Uchi-uke), Forearm Block (Ude-uke) and Knife-Hand
Block (Shuto-uke).
Rising Block
The Rising Block (Age-uke) is an upper body/head
defense. It works well as a setup
for a grab followed by subsequent moves.
Note the distance between the head and the blocking hand and that the
block is only as high as needed to prevent impact to the head.
Down Block
The down block (Gedan-barai), is a lower body
defense. The block itself begins at
the ear and travels down across the body.
The Down Block does not work as well as a setup for a grab. Note the wrist rotation during the
block.
Inside Block
The inside Block (Uchi-uke) is a mid-body defense. As with the Rising Block, it works well
as a setup for a grab followed by subsequent moves. It begins at the waist and rotates up
across the body.
Forearm Block
The Forearm Block (Ude-uke) is also a mid-body
defense. As with the Down Block, it
is less well suited as a setup for a grab followed by subsequent moves. Similar to the Down Block, the Forearm
Block starts at the ear and rotates across the body.
Knife-Hand
Block
The Knife-Hand Block (Shuto-uke) is also a mid-body
defense. It works well as a setup
for a grab followed by subsequent moves.
As with the Down Block, this block also begins at the
ear. The non-blocking hand protects
to solar plexus. Note that the
elbow of the blocking arm is bent at about 60 degrees.
Strikes
Although there are a myriad of strikes in Karate,
beginners start with a few basic strikes.
Shotokan strikes tend to be strong strikes. There are a few that are
“stinging” strikes but the majority of strikes focus on disabling
an opponent instead of wearing him down.
Remember that Matsumura reshaped Shuri-te after the Perry incident;
doing away with many of the locks, holds and stinging strikes in favor of
disabling/debilitating moves.
Lunge Punch
The lunge punch begins just above the waist with the fist
palm up. This is called “the
chamber”. Unlike boxing,
where punches come from the shoulder, in Shotokan punches come from the
chamber. The lunge punch combines
the force of the punch plus the force of the body moving forward plus the force
of the hips rotating into a very strong strike. From the chamber the punch moves out and
up. The fist rotates from palm up
to palm down at the point of impact.
The twisting of the fist is believed to deliver a stronger impact while
aligning the arm in its strongest position.
Reverse Punch
Like the Lunge Punch, the Reverse Punch (Gyaki-zuke)
begins from the chamber as well and follows the same arm mechanics of the lunge
punch. It is more often used as a
follow-up strike rather than an initial strike due to its shorter reach. The reverse punch combines the force of
the punch with some level of hip rotation to enhance its effectiveness but it
is generally does not have the impact of the lunge punch.
Knife-Hand
Strike
The Knife-Hand Strike (Shuto-uchi) can be employed as an
upper body strike (e.g. neck), a mid body strike (e.g. ribs) or a lower body
strike (e.g. groin and inner thigh).
There are two variants of this strike, sometimes referred to as Inward
and Outward. The Outward strike is
sometimes referred to as Knife-Hand Strike while the Inward is usually referred
to as Shuto. The Japanese term
Shuto-uchi refers to both. The
Outward Knife-Hand Strike starts from the ear and is very similar to Knife-Hand
Block above (palm down) with the exception that the striking arm is often
straighter.
The Inward Knife-Hand Strike also starts from the ear;
however the palm is facing up.
Elbow Strike
The Elbow Strike (Empi-uchi) is a close-in body
strike. It can be delivered by
either the front or back of the elbow and from side to side or up and
down. Targets include the face,
head, neck, ribs, back and groin.
Hammer Fist
The Hammer Fist Strike is a strike every child has
used. It is an action that comes
naturally. One simply makes a fist,
raises it and brings it down.
Targets are usually the face, neck and clavicle (collar bone). Note the step taken with the delivery of
this strike. It is used to
accelerate the body so that the strike is delivered with greater impact, much
like the lunge punch.
Kicks
While there are a great many kicks in Karate, beginners start
with a few basic kicks. Kicks in
Shotokan Karate tend to be low.
While there is an occasional Round-House to the head, most kicks are
chest level and below. The reason
for this is simple. Shotokan Karate
is a fighting art and is not sport/competition based (JKA Karate, however,
often is competition based). There
are no extra points for impressing your opponent with flashy moves. Shotokan moves are linear, discrete and
usually very powerful. Some martial
arts, such as Taekwon Do and JKA Karate, are sport/competition based. There are rules and extra points for
style. One rule in Taekwon Do is
“no groin strikes”.
This allows Taekwon Do practitioners to practice very high axe kicks
because they do not have to fear exposing their groin to their opponent. Shotokan Karate is not a sport. It is a martial art whose sole purpose
is self defense. Performing high
kicks and exposing one’s groin to an opponent in a real confrontation
could be disastrous. For this
reason, Shotokan Karate kicks are relatively low allowing the karate-ka to keep
their balance and center of gravity low.
The picture below illustrates why Shotokan kicks tend to be low. Note that the opponent on the left has
not only been struck in the groin but is being driven back off his balance
because his center of gravity is higher while the opponent on the right has a
lower center of gravity and better balance (oh, yeah… and a foot in his
opponents groin).
Front Snap Kick
The Front Snap Kick (Mae-geri keage) can be employed as a
full body strike, however, it is more often employed and a mid to low body
attack. Typical targets include the
chest, ribs, stomach and groin, although it can be employed on the face/head or
knees. This kick is not performed
in the same manner as kicking a ball.
Note that the knee is raised and points to the target before the leg
snaps out to the target. The toes
are pulled back to avoid breakage and the ball of the foot makes the
strike. Note that the hips are
pressed forward to increase the impact.
After striking the target the foot is retracted back to the knee of the
standing leg in the same position as before it struck the target.
Side Snap Kick
The Side Snap Kick (Yoko-geri-keage) allows the karate-ka
to strike an opponent while reducing his frontal profile. Targets are the same as with the
Front Snap Kick, and like the Front Snap Kick, the striking foot comes up next
to the knee of the standing foot, strikes and is then retracted to its previous
position. The foot travels in an
upward arc to the target. This kick
relies on speed to produce impact.
Unlike the Front Snap Kick, the contact area of the foot is the outer
edge of the foot and not the ball.
Side Thrust
Kick
The Side Thrust Kick (Yoko-geri-kekomi) is an extremely
powerful kick which is usually employed from the middle of the body down. The karate-ka aims at a target behind
his opponent and attempts to drive his foot “through” the target. Targets include ribs, stomach, groin and
knees. This kick may look similar
to the Side Snap Kick but has an important difference. Where the Side Snap Kick travels in an
upward arc and relies on speed to affect impact, the Side Thrust Kick travels
in a straight line and utilizes the strong muscles of the thigh to break
bone.
Round House
Kick
The Round House Kick (Mae-geri Keage) is a powerful full
body strike. It relies on a
combination body momentum and the whip like action of the leg for its power and
can be effectively employed from the head to the knees. Impact can be made with the ball of the
foot or top of the foot. When used
against higher targets, however, (face or head) it can leave the karate-ka
vulnerable to a groin strike.
KYU Rank Test
Requirements
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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8th |
Yellow |
3 Step Sparring – attack |
Taikyoku Shodan |
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Taikyoku Nidan |
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Techniques: |
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Taikyoku Sandan |
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Lunge Punch |
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Heian Shodan (1) |
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Rising Block |
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Forearm Block |
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Down Block |
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Inside Block |
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Knifehand Block |
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Front Kick to Chest |
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Front Kick to Face |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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7th |
Orange |
3 Step Sparring - attack |
Heian Nidan (2) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Rising Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block |
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Front Kick to Chest |
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Front Kick to Face |
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Side Snap Kick |
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Crescent Kick |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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6th |
Green |
3 Step Sparring - attack |
Heian Sandan (3) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Rising Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Front Kick to Chest |
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Front Kick to Face |
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Side Snap Kick |
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Side Thrust Kick |
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Sanbon Zuki (3 punches) |
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Crescent Kick |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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5th |
Purple |
1 Step Sparring |
Heian Yodan (4) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Sanbon Zuki (3 punches) |
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Rising Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block -
Spearhand Thrust |
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Front Kick to Chest |
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Front Kick to Face |
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Side Snap Kick |
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Side Thrust Kick |
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Roundhouse Kick |
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Crescent Kick |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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4th |
Purple |
1 Step Sparring |
Heian Godan (5) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Sanbon Zuki (3 punches) |
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Rising Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block -
Jab - Reverse Punch |
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Front Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Back Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Side Snap Kick |
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Side Thrust Kick |
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Roundhouse Kick |
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Crescent Kick |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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3rd |
Brown |
1 Step Sparring |
Tekki Shodan (1) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Sanbon Zuki (3 punches) |
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Rising Block -
Forearm Block - Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Down Block - Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Rising Block - Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
Down Block - Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block -
Jab - Reverse Punch |
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Front Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Back Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Roundhouse Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Side Thrust Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Crescent Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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2nd |
Brown |
1 Step Sparring |
Tekki Nidan (2) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Sanbon Zuki (3 punches) |
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Rising Block -
Forearm Block - Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Down Block - Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Rising Block - Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
Down Block - Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block -
Front Kick |
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Jab -
Front Kick - Reverse Punch |
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Front Kick -
Back Kick |
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Back Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Roundhouse Kick -
Crescent Kick |
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Knife Defense |
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Floor Defense |
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KYU |
BELT |
KUMITE |
KATA |
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1st |
Brown |
1 Step Sparring |
Tekki Sandan (3) |
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Techniques: |
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Lunge Punch |
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Sanbon Zuki (3 punches) |
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Rising Block -
Back Fist - Reverse Punch |
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Forearm Block -
Jab - Reverse Punch |
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Down Block -
Elbow Strike - Reverse Punch |
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Inside Block -
2 Finger Strike - Reverse Punch |
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Knifehand Block -
Jab - Front Kick -
Reverse Punch |
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Front Kick -
Roundhouse Kick - Side Thrust Kick |
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Roundhouse Kick -
Side Snap Kick - Crescent Kick |
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Side Thrust Kick -
Crescent Kick - Back Kick |
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Knife Defense |
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Chair Defense |
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Glossary Of
Terms
Your instructor will use
the following terms and Japanese commands in class:
Counting
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Number |
Pronunciation |
Number |
Pronunciation |
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1 |
ichi |
21 |
ni-ju-ichi |
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2 |
ni |
22 |
ni-ju-ni |
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3 |
san |
23 |
ni-ju-san |
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4 |
shi |
24 |
ni-ju-shi |
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5 |
go |
25 |
ni-ju-go |
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6 |
roku |
26 |
ni-ju-roku |
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7 |
shichi |
27 |
ni-ju-shichi |
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8 |
hachi |
28 |
ni-ju-hachi |
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9 |
kyu |
29 |
ni-ju-kyu |
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10 |
ju |
30 |
san-ju |
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11 |
ju-ichi |
40 |
yon-ju |
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12 |
ju-ni |
50 |
go-ju |
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13 |
ju-san |
60 |
roku-ju |
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14 |
ju-shi |
70 |
nan-ju |
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15 |
ju-go |
80 |
hachi-ju |
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16 |
ju-roku |
90 |
kyu-ju |
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17 |
ju-shichi |
100 |
hyaku |
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18 |
ju-hachi |
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19 |
ju-kyu |
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20 |
ni-ju |
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Terms
Age-zuki (ah-geh zoo-key) Rising punch
Age-uke (ah-geh oo-kay) Rising block
Arigato (ah-rhee-gah-toh)
Thank You
Choku-zuki (cho-koo zoo-key) Straight punch
Chudan (chew-dahn) chest area
Chudan-mae-geri (chew-dahn mah-eh geh-rhee) Front kick to
body
Chudan-uchi-uke (chew-dahn oo-chee oo-kay) Inside Block
across body
Chudan-ude-uke (chew-dahn oo-deh oo-kay) Forearm block
across body
Dojo (dough-joe) Training gym
Empi (en-Pee) Elbow
Empi-uchi (en-pee oo-chee) Elbow strike
Gedan (geh-dahn) Lower area of the body.
Gedan-barai (geh-dahn baa-rah-ee) Downward block
Gi (ghee) Jacket
Gyaku-zuki (gya-koo zoo-key) Reverse punch
Haito (Hi-toe) Ridge hand
Haito-uchi (hi-toe oo-chee) Ridge hand strike
Hanmi (hahn-me) Half front facing position
Hidari (he-dah-rhee) Left
Jiyu-Kumite (gee-you koo-me-teh) Free style sparring
Jodan (joe-dahn) Face area
Jodan-age-uke (joe-dahn ah-geh ao-kay) Upper, block
against head attack
Jodan-KeKomi (joe-dahn Kay-Koh-me) Thrust kick to face
Jodan-mae-geri (joe-dahn mah-eh geh-rhee) Front kick to
face
Juji-uke (jaw-gee oo-kay)
X-block
Karate (Kah-rah-teh) Empty-hand fighting
Kata (Kah-tah) Forms
Keage (kay-ah-geh) snap kick
Kekomi (Kay-Koh-me) Thrust kick
Kentsui (Ken-tsue-ee) Fist-hammer
Keri (Kay-rhee) Kicking
Kiba-dachi (Key-bah dah-chee) Straddle-leg stance
Y,ihon Kumite (Key-hone Koo-me-teh) Basic sparring
Kizami-zuki (Key-zah-me
zoo-key) Jab
Kokutsu-dachi (Koe-koo-tsu dah-chee) Back stance
Ko-shi (ko-she) Ball of the
foot
Kumite (Koo-me-teh) sparring
Ma-ai (mah-aye) Distancing
Mae-geri (mah-eh geh-rhee) Front kick
Mae-geri keage (mah-eh geh-rhee kay-ah-gah) front snap
kick
Mae-geri kekomi (mah-eh geh-rhee kay-koh-me) front thrust
kick
Makiwara (mah-key-wha-rha) Punching board
Mae-tobi-geri (mah-eh toe-be geh-rhee) Jumping front kick
Mawashi-geri (mah-wha-she geh-rhee) Roundhouse kick
Mawashi-zuki (mah-wha-she zoo-key) Roundhouse punch
Migi (me-ghee) Right
Mikazuki-geri (me-kah-zoo-key gah-rhee) Crescent kick
Morote-uke (mce-row-teh oo-kay) Augmented forearm block
Nidan-geri (nee-dahn geh-rhee) Double jump kick
Nihon-nukite
(nee-hone-noo-key-teh) Two finger spear-hand
Nukite (noo-key-teh) Spear-hand, straight thrust
Oi-zuki (oh-ee zoo-key)
Lunge punch
Shuto (shoe-toe) Knife hand
Shuto-uchi (shoe-toe 00-chee) Knife-hand strike
Shuto-uke (shoe-toe oo-kay) Knife-hand block
Sokuto (sow-koo-toe) Foot edge
Suki (sue-key) opening
Tanden (tahn-den) Navel
Teisho (tay-show) Palm-heel
Teisho-uchi (tay-show oo-chee) Palm heel strike
Teisho-uke (tay-show oo-kay) Palm heel block
Teisho-zuki (tay-show zoo-key) Palm heel punch
Tobi-Keri (tow-be Reh-rhee) Jump kick
Tsuki (Tsue-key) Punching
Tsuki-waza (tsue-key wah-zah) Punching techniques
Uchi (oo-chee) Striking
Uchi-uke (oo-chee oo-kay) inside block
Ude (oo-day) Forearm
Ude-uke (oo-day oo-kay) Forearm block
Uke (oo-kay) Blocking
Uraken (oo-rah-ken) Back-fist
Uraken-uchi (oo-rah-ken oo-chee) Back-fist strike
Ushiro (oo-she-row) Back,
rear
Ushiro-geri (oo-she-row geh-rhee) Back kick
Yoko (yoh-koh) Side
Yoko-geri (yoh-koh geh-rhee) Side kick
Yoko-geri-keage (yoh-koh geh-rhee kay-ah-gehi Side snap
kick
Yoko-geri-kekomi (yoh-koh geh-rhee kay-koh-me) Side
thrust kick
Waza (wah-zah) Technique
Zenkutsu-dachi
(zen-koo-tsue dah-chee) Forward stance